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WPSA
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Volume 46, March 2019 | Newsletter Editor: Dr G.B. Havenstein, |
Executive Committee
Secretary's Report
Board meeting 2019
The annual board meeting will be held 18-19 July 2019 in Montreal, Canada, at the end of the annual Poultry Science Association meeting.
WPSA presence at exhibitions and conferences
WPSA was present at the International Production and Processing Expo (12-14 February 2019) in Atlanta, USA. 5-6 March and 7-9 March 2019 WPSA will be present at the bi-annual Poultry Show and seminar in Dhaka, Bangladesh. After this meeting WPSA will exhibit at VIV Asia (13-15 March 2019), Bangkok, Thailand, the 1st Panafrican Poultry Conference (13-17 May), Lomé, Togo, Victam Europe (12-14 June), Cologne, Germany, European Symposia on Poultry Nutrition (10-13 June), Gdansk, Poland and the European Symposia on the Quality of poultry meat, eggs and egg products, (23-26 June), Cesme, Turkey. Promotional materials of WPSA, the World’s Poultry Science Journal, WPC 2020 in Paris, France, other symposia and conferences will be on display. We expect to meet with many members during these events.
Details on all meetings and exhibitions can be found in the Calendar on the website. Members and all interested persons are invited to attend the events and to meet many other WPSA members and representatives.
During VIV Asia, members and the board of the Asia Pacific Federation of WPSA will meet.
WPSA programmes
WPSA has several programmes to support members and branches. Details on the travel grant programmes, the speakers’ bureau programme and proposals for Branch development can be found on the WPSA website. Criteria for eligibility are published together with the (different) deadlines for the individual programmes. Please follow the instructions as inaccurate, incomplete and late applications have to be rejected.
Cooperation with the organization on World Veterinary Education in Production Animal Health (WVEPAH)
The WVEPAH, a non-profit organization organizes training courses on poultry (for 3 à 4 weeks) in several countries.
In 2019 the following courses are planned:
- Module I: Key Disciplines in Poultry Health / Regulation Module OIE- WOAH Utrecht / The Netherlands, 29 April - 10 May 2019, English
- Module I: Key Disciplines in Poultry Health / Regulation Module OIE- WOAH Lima, / Peru, 12 - 23 August 2019*, Spanish
- Module II: Broilers, Nairobi/Kenya, 30 September – 11 October 2019, English
- Module II: Layers, Guadalajara/Mexico, 25 November – 06 December 2019, Spanish
- Module II: Turkeys, Tunis/Tunisia, 28 October – 08 November 2019, French
More details are on www.wvepah.org. All activities will also be announced on our website and in the WPS Journal.
Dr Roel Mulder
Treasurer's Report
Ah, it’s a new year and there are new record books. Faithful Branch Treasurers, I have many blank pages waiting for me to record your payments of Branch dues! The records in the 2018 record books have been compiled and forwarded to our Certified Public Accountant (CPA). Dr Mulder has also compiled the records from the Dutch accounts and those too are going in to our CPA.
It has been my pleasure to be working with some of our Latin American Branch officers. They have some exciting programmes planned for 2019, and are working to make good use of all the WPSA resources. Congratulations to our Branches in Africa and Europe who had their Speakers' Bureau and Branch Development applications approved for events happening this spring and early summer.
In mid-February I joined fellow Executive Committee (EC) Members (Drs. Mulder, Yang, and Buresh) at the International Poultry Production Exposition (IPPE) in Atlanta. We had a very productive EC meeting and started plans for this summer's Board Meeting. WPSA had a booth in Hall C at IPPE. It was an excellent opportunity to explain our organization to visitors and to greet members. Many of those individuals had travelled from around the world and included WPSA officers and members from Bolivia, Ghana, New Zealand, and many other countries.
As we look at the final page of the 2018 calendar, I send my wishes to all of you that you end the year in good health and remain active in your local Branches throughout 2019.
Dr Francine Bradley, Treasurer
Branch Development Programme
In the Board meeting held during WPC2016 in Beijing, China, the Board decided to increase the funds available for Branch Development by making a formal call for Branch Development Proposals. In the second half of 2018 and the beginning of 2019 we approved proposals from Algeria, Turkey, Pakistan, Mexico, France and Togo.
For more information click here.
Next deadline for submission of Branch Development Proposals is July1st.
Obituaries
World's Poultry Congress 2020, Paris, France
French Branch Announces Website for the Next World Poultry Congress
WPCPARIS2020
Dear Member of WPSA,
You will find below a first global communication to launch officially our 2020 campaign. We let you read and take the details of this event to block the dates on your calendar. Very importantly, we would really have you spread this message to your poultry network: colleagues in France or in the world, institutions, sponsors, partners… The more we communicate this event, the more successful it will be from a scientific and social standpoint.
We are really pleased to launch this first campaign now: 540 days remains – 18 months – 1 year and half. We count on your support,
On behalf of the Organizing Committee
Christophe Bostvironnois, President WPSA France
Dear Madam/Sir :
Christophe Bostvironnois, President of the French Branch of WPSA, and Michele Tixier-Boichard, Chair of WPC2020 are pleased to invite you to participate in and attend the World Poultry Congress that will be held in Paris, France, on 16-20 August 2020. Come and join the 3000 delegates who are expected to attend.
Renowned speakers from all continents of the world will be involved with WPC2020 and will speak on the following topics:
• Nutrition
• Breeding and Genetics
• Egg Quality
• Poultry Meat Quality
• Reproduction
• Hygiene and Pathology
• Waterfowl
• Poultry Welfare and Management
• Turkeys
• Education and Information
• Physiology
An extensive communication strategy has been put in place as well as various promotional tools. The congress will be continually promoted through the official website, at related international and national meetings as well as e-newsletters in order to ensure a successful event.
Take part in this most prestigious World Poultry Congress to be held in Paris in 2020 and confirm your participation NOW to receive a 10% DISCOUNT for being an early sponsor (deadline June 2019). Whatever your business is, the WPC 2020 has a sponsorship package that will help you meet your targets.
Full details about sponsorship and exhibition package options are available in the Sponsorship and Exhibition Brochure.
Feel free to contact Isabelle Brochot , Sponsoring Manager, Tel: +33(0)1 44 64 15 29 should you need any further specific needs.
Kind regards,
Christophe Bostvironnois
Michèle Tixier Boichard
Sponsors who already confirmed their participation:
European Federation
The European Federation has numerous conferences planned between now and the end of 2019. A list of most of our upcoming conferences may be found on the WPSA Calendar at www.wpsa.com.
News from a number of European Federation's working groups is provided below.
WPSA European Working Group News
WG1
Economics and Marketing
The European Federation’s Working Group 1 will hold its next symposium at the University of Vechta in Germany on October 9 - 11, 2019. The symposium will cover: Research on Poultry Economics, and Recent Trends and Developments in the EU on Poultry Production and Future Perspectives. For more information contact Chairman Peter van Horne, Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands, e-mail .
Peter van Horne, Chairman European WG1
WG2
Nutrition
The next European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition (ESPN2019) will be organised by the Polish Branch, and will be held in Gdansk, Poland from 10-13 June 2019. We will look forward to seeing all of you there.
WG5
Poultry Meat Quality
The next ‘XXIV European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat’ will be conjointly held with the ‘XVIII European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs and Egg Products’ in Cesme-Izmir on 23-26 June, 2019. Prominent invited speakers from American and European Institutions have already confirmed their participation. They will address emerging issues on various aspects of poultry meat and egg production. For more information about the symposia programmes, please visit the symposia website (http://www.eggmeat2019.com/). Registration is still open and special reduced registration fees are available for WPSA members and students.
WG6 & WG12
WG6 Incubation and Fertility Research Group (IFRG)
&
WG12 Fundamental Physiology & Perinatal Development (PDP) in Poultry
The French Branch of WPSA is dedicated to promote knowledge and understanding of all aspects of poultry science and poultry production. It is organizing the Combined Meeting of the ‘Incubation and Fertility Research Group’ (IFRG/WPSA Working Group 6) and the ‘Fundamental Physiology and Perinatal Development in Poultry’ (PDP/WPSA Working Group 12) in Tours, August 2019.
On behalf of the French Organizing Committee and the WG-6 and 12 working Groups of the European Federation of WPSA branches, we are pleased to invite you to attend the IFRG - PDP 2019. This congress will take place in Tours, France, on August, 28 to 30, 2019, at hotel ‘Univers’. The Website is currently under construction
Barbara Tzschentke
WG10
Turkeys
The 10th ‘Hafez’ International Symposium on Turkey Production will be held in Berlin, Germany; 6-8 June 2019.
It is my pleasure to invite you to participate in this meeting and to ask you to give a paper on subjects related to the following topics:
1) Current and future development on genetic and nutrition
2) Current production situation and related problems
3) Rearing management and health related problems
4) Animal welfare
5) Consumer protection and product safety
6) The influence of legislations on the turkey health and production
Presentations (15 min) should deal with one of the main topics of the symposium and cover new research data or recent field observations.
The official language is English. Simultaneous translation will not be available
For further questions, please don’t hesitate to contact me.
Sincerely
Prof. Dr H. M. Hafez
Chair of Working Group 10
World’s Poultry Science Association
Federation of European Branches
Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin
Königsweg 63
14163 Berlin
Germany
E-mail:
Asia Pacific Federation
Asia Pacific Federation Meeting
The host for the upcoming 12th APPC was named during the General Meeting, and the China Branch will host that event.
Dr. Sakchai Sriboonsue President, Asian Pacific Federation
WPSA Asian-Pacific Working Group News
A/P WG3
Ratites
The next A/P Ratite Working Group meeting will be held on 6 March 2019, at 16:00 in the conference room on the Oudtshoorn Research Farm, South Africa. Please let Zanell Brand know if you are interested in attending – .
There will be Ratite Research Sessions during the upcoming World Poultry Congress in Paris, France from 16-20 August 2020. Please send any suggestions for contributions and topics to .
Researchers involved in research on any Ratites (ostriches, emus, rheas, cassowaries or kiwis) are asked to contact the Ratite Group. Please send an email to: .
Anel Engelbrecht, Chair
World's Poultry Science Journal
You are likely aware that the last few years have seen academic publishers engaging with scholarly collaboration networks in various ways, trying to balance their popularity with authors and researchers against concerns over large-scale copyright infringement. Cambridge University Press, along with SpringerNature and Thieme, has just signed an agreement with ResearchGate to foster responsible sharing - see our joint statement here. Other publishers took part in the negotiations and are working to have a deal in place soon.
Click here for the full article.
Upcoming articles
Articles in upcoming Journal(s)
- Woo Kim - Keel bone injury in laying hens: the prevalence of injuries in relation to different housing systems, implications, and potential solutions
- Felipe Dalólio - Methionine: comparing methionine hydroxyl analogues for broilers, with focus on different thermal environments
- Mohamed Abd El - Hack - The application of the microalgae Chlorella spp. as a supplement in broiler feed
- M. Alagawany - Use of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) in poultry nutrition: Global impacts on performance, carcass and meat quality
- Paymaneh Davoodi - In-silico investigation of genomic regions related to ascites and identifying their pathways in broilers
- János Kozák - Variations of geese under domestication
- M. Alagawany - Fertility and hatchability in duck eggs: a review
- Hamada Elwan - Red yeast (Phaifia rhodozyma) as a source of Astaxanthin and its impacts on productive performance and physiological responses of poultry
- M. Alagawany - Heracleum persicum: chemical composition, biological activities and potential uses in poultry nutrition
Summaries
Keel bone injury in laying hens: the prevalence of injuries in relation to different housing systems, implications, and potential solutions
E. HARDIN, F.L.S. CASTRO and W.K. KIM
Increased pressure on the poultry industry by animal-rights organisations and environmentally-conscious consumers has led to the rising popularity of cage-free housing system for hens. One of the main dangers of cage-free housing systems is the possibility for laying hens to damage their keels. Keel bone fracture incidence rate ranges up to 85%, and can lead to extensive pain in any bird, and potentially be the cause of the death for a hen in a cage-free environment. It was reported that kneel bone damage observed in flocks housed in non-cage systems was 30 to 95% while in furnished cages it was 15 to 55%. The purpose of this review is to compare the prevalence of the problem found in the three main housing systems (conventional, enriched cage, and cage-free), discuss if such damage could affect the behaviour and production of laying hens, and provide potential solutions for reducing the prevalence of keel bone damage. Keel fractures can negatively affect a hen in its day-to-day life by causing pain and restricting its movements. The prevalence of keel bone damage varies considerably among the studies due to differences in the system design, genetic line, age and method for determining the keel damage, which makes difficult to compare the systems. The genetic selection, adequate nutrition and modifications in the house design have shown to be useful tools in reducing keel bone damage in laying hens.
Methionine: comparing methionine hydroxyl analogues for broilers, with focus on different thermal environments
F.S. DALÓLIO, V.R.S.M. BARROS, L.F.T. ALBINO, P.H.R.F. CAMPOS, J.N. SILVA and S.R.F. PINHEIRO
Supplementation of methionine (Met) in broiler chicken diets is essential to support productive performance and optimise carcass yield. Met is the first limiting amino acid in corn and soybean-meal based diets for poultry. The DL-Met form is the main source used in broiler diets, but other sources such as acid free hydroxy-analogous methionine (HMA-FA) are available. Studies have indicated that the molar bioequivalence of HMA-FA is approximately 88% compared with DL-Met at 99% for growth traits. However, differences in absorption and metabolism between Met sources can influence their efficacy, especially when broilers are exposed to high temperatures. The substitution of DL-Met by HMA-FA is a potential strategy to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress because it is passively absorbed in the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract. This review highlights the effects of substituting HMA-FA for DL-Met in diets for broiler chickens reared in different thermal environments.
The application of the microalgae Chlorella spp. as a supplement in broiler feed
S.A. ABDELNOUR, M.E. ABD EL-HACK, M. ARIF, A.F. KHAFAGA and A.E. TAHA
Chlorella (vulgaris spp.; CLV) is a genus of unicellular freshwater microalgae that are fit for human consumption and are used as additives with high nutritional value in feed for agriculturally important animals. Chlorella spp. are characterised by their simple cultivation, high productivity and levels of protein and other nutrients. Investigations have shown that the growth performance of broilers can be positively affected by the addition of very low amounts of CLV biomass (0.5-1.0% of the diet) to feed. The effect of CLV on growth and development is considered to stem from its high protein content (60.6%) and nutritional value. Results have shown enhanced body weight gain (2.7%), better feed conversion ratio (lowered by 2.8%), meat colour and breast muscle weight (20.1%) in CLV-supplemented chicks compared to control birds (control breast weight 19.1%). Additionally, a significant decrease in drip loss (2.26%) from breast muscle was observed with CLV supplementation and levels of blood total protein, albumin, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol significantly increased (P<0.05), while the levels of liver enzymes indicative of oxidative damage (alanine aminotransferase, ALT) decreased by 23.2%, indicating better liver function. In terms of immunity, blood lymphocytes were increased in broilers fed a diet supplemented with liquid CLV (17.9 x 103/µl) compared with birds supplemented with dry CLV (13.5 x 103/µl). Additionally, the levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM were elevated by 29.7%, 69.1%, and 32.3%, respectively, in broilers that consumed feed containing CLV. Similarly, the intestinal diversity and abundance of Lactobacillus spp. were significantly increased (9.9 ± 1.88 and 8.99 log10 CFU/g, respectively) by dietary supplementation with liquid CLV compared to that in non-treated chicks (8.7 ± 1.22 and 8.51 log10 CFU/g, respectively). However, energy digestibility was increased significantly by 1.29% in CLV-treated chicks compared to the control chicks. This review highlights the findings associated with the utilisation of CLV biomass as a feed supplement and its effect on broiler growth and health.
Use of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) in poultry nutrition: Global impacts on performance, carcass and meat quality
M. ALAGAWANY1*, S.S. ELNESR2 and M.R. FARAG3
Supplementation of poultry diets with medicinal plants containing bioactive molecules have shown promising results in promoting growth performance, enhancing feed efficiency, and improving carcass traits and meat quality. There are many studies using herbal plants and their derivatives involving liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), while studies using only liquorice are very limited. Liquorice contains bioactive components such as glycyrrhizin and flavonoids, and has been linked to many pharmacological effects like immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity. Supplementation of liquorice in poultry diets had beneficial impacts on growth and performance by improving organ development. In addition, there are appetite and digestion stimulating factors in liquorice. Dietary liquorice supplementation at level of 2.5 g/kg showed the best results in broiler chicken, and demonstrated it can be safely used in poultry diets. Addition of liquorice in diets up to 0.5% inclusion before sexual maturity enhanced performance of laying hens. Furthermore, broilers receiving drinking water containing 450 mg/l liquorice under heat stress significantly improved feed conversion and economic efficiency. Abdominal fat in broiler chickens was decreased when liquorice was included at 2 g/kg in feed or 0.3 g/l in drinking water. Broiler chickens with access to drinking water containing 450 mg/l of liquorice increased the dressing percentage, with or without giblets. Carcass organoleptics were improved in birds receiving drinking water with liquorice at levels of either 1, 2 and 4 mg/ kg body weight. This review describes the chemical composition, health benefits and beneficial applications of the liquorice herb and its effect on growth and productive performance, carcasses and meat quality, which will be useful for researchers, physiologists, nutritionists, veterinarians, scientists, pharmacists, pharmaceutical industries, and poultry breeders.
In-silico investigation of genomic regions related to ascites and identifying their pathways in broilers
P. DAVOODI and A. EHSANI
The importance of ascites in the poultry industry warrants a comprehensive systematic review and in-silico modelling to explain responses seen in previous studies in this field. By identifying the genes which are effective and relevant to different indicator traits of ascites in poultry, genes were separated base on chromosomes to determine the most effective chromosome in ascites. Consequently, 12 chromosomes have been discovered as containing effective regions on ascites incidence. Meanwhile, 24 genes including MPPK2, AT1, RhoGTPase, MC4R, CDH6, NOS3, HIF-1A, OSBL6, CCDC141, BMPR2, LEPR, AGTR1, UTS2D, 5HT2B, SST, CHRD, TFRC, CDH13, ACVRL1, ARNT, ACE, ACVRL1, MEF2C, and HTR1A affect ascites according to published studies. The results show that chromosome 9, with the presence of six related genes, chromosomes 1, 2 and 7 with three related genes and Z containing two genes have the most influence on the sensitivity to the ascites syndrome, respectively.
Variations of geese under domestication
- J. KOZÁK
Man has been in interrelationship with wild water fowl for thousands of years. Yet, in that time, only two species of wild geese have been domesticated (13.3% of all true geese); the Greylag goose (Anser anser) in the fourth millennium B.C. and the swan goose (Anser cygnoides) in the second millennium B.C. From these two species, numerous breeds (181) have been developed. Compared to other domestic animals, the goose has varied less during domestication, aside from a few modifications in appearance, reproductive traits, internal organs and behaviour. It has increased in body weight, and hence became a non-migratory bird. Compare to the greylag goose (gander 2.8-4.1 kg, goose 2.5-3.8 kg body weight), the body weight of the Toulouse gander has increased by 331-421%, and the Toulouse goose by 286-364%. The African goose developed higher body weights (gander by 285-362%, goose by 292-311%) compared to the weight of the swan goose (gander 3.5 kg, goose 2.8-3.5 kg body weight). Conformation traits have changed, whereby the natural grey feather colour has changed to white in some breeds. Furthermore, sexual maturity has accelerated, and prolificacy increased. Egg production of a significant proportion of the European goose breeds has increased by 600-1000% compared to the greylag goose (5-6 eggs/goose). For example, egg production of the Chinese goose has increased by 875-1200% compare to the wild swan goose (5-8 eggs/goose), and the monogamous partnership typical of wild geese has turned into polygamous matings.
Fertility and hatchability in duck eggs: a review
M.E. ABD EL-HACK, C.B. HURTADO, D.M. TORO, M. ALAGAWANY, E.M. ABDELFATTAH
The ducks are waterfowl belonging to the Anatidae family of cosmopolitan distribution. In production, obtaining ducklings at one day old is a major issue. Ducks are highly proliferating birds, and can lay between 45 to 150 eggs, white, blue or green depending on breeds. Obtaining day-old ducklings can be done by natural incubation with a broody duck or artificially in an incubator. Pekin eggs have greater hatchability than Muscovy eggs. The eggs of the Muscovy have lower values for hatchability (22.7% or less). During artificial incubation, fertility and hatchability are the most important indicators that must be controlled. Many factors are related to successful production, including environmental conditions during incubation. Among the elements determined by producers are housing and management system, season, nutrition, management of breeding stock, storage of eggs before incubation, fertility and cleaning eggs and equipment. According to some reports, laying hens have 78% hatchability compared to Pekin duck eggs in the spring, while in summer it is around 46.5%. The best hatchability is observed during the winter (57.68%), whilst during the summer it decreases to 54.14%. The reproductive characteristics of flocks, age, external and internal quality of eggs, male:female ratios, and presence of lethal genes are factors that directly involve breeders. The ratio 1:6 has been used satisfactorily in cases of shortages of males, although ratios of 1:4.3 to 1:10 cause reduced egg fertility of 75.9 to 49.6%. There are different methods used to improve the hatchability of duck eggs. Dipping eggs into some nutrient mixes (vitamins and amino acids) during the incubation period is one of the tools used to improve hatchability.
Red yeast (Phajfia rhodozyma) as a source of Astaxanthin and its impacts on productive performance and physiological responses of poultry
H.A.M. ELWAN, S.S. ELNESR, Y. ABDALLAH and A. HAMDY
The red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma is considered as a useful source of astaxanthin (ASX) which is a carotenoid pigment widely used in the feed industry. Poultry cannot synthesise carotenoids, so they must obtain these pigments from diet supplementation with sources such as red yeast, as a source of ASX. Astaxanthin has health benefits including the protection against oxidative damage in cells, enhancement of the immune response and protection against diseases by scavenging oxygen free radicals. It has activities approximately 10 times stronger than that of other carotenoids and 100 times greater than α-tocopherol against reactive oxygen species. In recent years, Phaffia rhodozyma has become an important microorganism for its use in both the pharmaceutical industries and food. Dietary Phaffia rhodozyma addition at the level of 10 and 20 mg/kg in broiler diets positively increased weight gain by 4.12 and 6.41% respectively. The inclusion of ASX rich red yeast (100 mg/kg) in broiler diets for 14 days improved T-cell proliferation and IgG production by 111.1 and 34.6% respectively. However, the optimum level or feeding duration of dietary ASX rich red yeast addition for enhancing poultry productive, physiological and immunological responses has not been determined.
Heracleum persicum: chemical composition, biological activities and potential uses in poultry nutrition
L. CHANGXING, D. DONGFANG, Z. LIXUE, M. SAEED, M. ALAGAWANY, M.R. FARAG, M. CHENLING and L. JIANHUA
Heracleum persicum (golpar) is an endemic medicinal plant that is commonly known as hogweed or Persian hogweed. It contains flavonoids and furanocoumarins that probably could stimulate both cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses. Besides, golpar has a substantial immunostimulatory effect on beta-lymphocytes and macrophages that played important role in antibody synthesis. Its extract at a supplementation level of 1- 2.5 ml/l in drinking water showed a remarkable increase in the total immunoglobulins (Ig) (70%), immunoglobulin G (IgG) (100%) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) (94%) titres and an increase in antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus (96%) in broilers. In addition, supplementation positively affected the feed intake (9.4%), weight gain (14.7%) and food conversion ratio (FCR) (8.7%) in broilers. Moreover, in several studies, it has potential as an antifungal, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic and growth enhancer agent; which endorsed its extensive contents of phytochemicals (terpenoids, triterpenes, furanocoumarins, volatile substances, flavonoids and alkaloids). It has a positive effect on the levels of glutathione (GSH), peroxidation lipids (MDA), the total antioxidant capacity of plasma or ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and glutathione s-transferase (GST), in addition to modulatory effects on liver enzymes including alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate transferase (AST). After reviewing the published literature, it was apparent that golpar has multidimensional biological effects. Nevertheless, little research is available on the effects of golpar on productive performance and other health-related parameters in avian species. Hence, this review encourages veterinarians and poultry researcher to undertake further work to demonstrate the promising beneficial effects of golpar at effective levels to potentially replace the synthetic antibiotic growth promoters in commercial poultry diets.